Abstract

The extraction of bio-compounds from medicinal plants provides opportunities for using the plant extract for health benefits. Rosa canina L. is considered a natural superfood, and the valorization of its active compounds requires an extraction technique that ensures a suitable extraction yield while preserving the compounds' activity. In our study, infrared laser irradiation (IRLIR) technology was used for the first time in the bioactive compound's extraction from Rosa canina L. Different solvents (water-ethanol, hexane-ethanol) and different extraction times were tested to obtain a high extraction yield. Chromatographic and spectrophotometry methods were used to monitor the profile of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The results obtained for IRLIR were compared with those obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), an advanced extraction method. The IRLIR technology proved to be a more reliable analytical tool for the extraction of (+)-catechin, gallic acid, and lutein. In addition, a richer extract formula was obtained by IRLIR extraction with respect to ASE, with the IRLIR process ensuring a short extraction time, low volume of the extraction solvent, low energy consumption, and a less expensive device.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to extract the lipophilic fraction from one of the largest source of waste in the industrial sector, namely, the tomato residue from processing the fruit. In order to make this process more environmentally sustainable, this study used a green extraction protocol employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) combined with a less energy-consuming technology, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method, to simultaneously recover carotenoids and tocopherol from dried powder tomato waste. Two NADESs, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic, were prepared and compared to support high extraction efficiency and increase the stability of the extracted compounds. The optimal extraction parameters were identified as choline chloride:1,3-butanediol (1:5)-based NADES, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (w/v), time of extraction 12 min, temperature 65 degrees C, radiation frequency 37 Hz, and an ultrasound power level of 70%. The extraction process was intensified and resulted in extracts rich in lycopene (215.13 +/- 4.31 mu g/g DW), beta-carotene (206.95 +/- 3.27 mu g/g DW), and tocopherol (130.86 +/- 8.97 mu g/g DW) content, with the highest antioxidant capacity 93.84 +/- 0.18 mM Trolox equivalent. Incorporating NADESs for the extraction of bioactive compounds offers numerous benefits, such as improved sustainability, enhanced extraction efficiency, better protection of sensitive compounds, and reduced environmental impact. These advantages make NADESs a promising alternative to traditional organic solvents, especially in industries that require natural, green, and efficient extraction processes for valuable bioactive molecules.

Abstract

Background: Phytocarriers are advanced drug delivery systems that use biocompatible and biodegradable materials to enhance the efficacy, stability, and bioavailability of natural products. The sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berry extract is rich in essential fatty acids and antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and anthocyanins, which contribute to its wide-ranging health benefits. In this study, we assessed the morphology, intracellular delivery, and anti-inflammatory effect of sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC)-based phytocarriers loaded with ethanolic extract from sea buckthorn berries (sea buckthorn carrier nanostructures, further defined as phytocarriers). Methods: Negative and electron cryo-microscopy were used to analyze hollow and loaded nanocarriers. The cyto-compatibility of nanocarriers was assessed by endpoint (LDH and MTS) and real-time cell assays, on both human fibroblasts (HS27) and human normal monocytes (SC). The anti-inflammatory effect of hollow and loaded nanocarriers was tested by multiplexing. Results: The negative and electron cryo-microscopy analyses showed that NaC-based phytocarriers were spherical, whilst NaDC-based phytocarriers were predominantly polymorphic. Moreover, the NaDC-based phytocarriers frequently formed large lipid networks or plaques. Although 24 h cytotoxicity testing showed both types of nanocarriers are biocompatible with human fibroblasts and monocytes, based on a long-term real-time assay, NaDC delayed fibroblast proliferation. NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers did not impair fibroblast proliferation in the long term and they were uptaken by cells, as shown by hyperspectral microscopy. NaC nanocarriers and NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers induced an anti-inflammatory effect, lowering IL-8 cytokine production in normal human monocytes as soon as 4 h of treatment lapsed. Conclusions: NaC-derived phytocarriers loaded with sea buckthorn alcoholic extract are a cell-compatible delivery system with anti-inflammatory properties.

Abstract

Abstract

A simple and rapid differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method using a single-use electroactivated pencil graphite electrode (PGE*) is proposed for the rapid screening of the total content of polyphenolics (TCP) with intermediate antioxidant power (AOP) in grapefruit peel and fresh juice. The results were compared and correlated with those provided by the HPLC-DAD-MS method. NG voltammetric behavior at PGE* was studied by cyclic voltammetry and an oxidation mechanism was suggested. The experimental conditions (type of PGE, electroactivation procedure, pH, nature and concentration of supporting electrolyte) for NG DPV determination were optimized. The NG peak current varied linearly with the concentration in the ranges 1.40 x 10(-6)-2.00 x 10(-5) and 2.00 x 10(-5)-1.40 x 10(-4) mol/L NG and a limit of detection (LoD) of 6.02 x 10(-7) mol/L NG was attained. The method repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation was 7.62% for the concentration level of 2.00 x 10(-6) mol/L NG. After accumulation for 240 s of NG at PGE* the LoD was lowered to 1.35 x 10(-7) mol/L NG, the linear range being 6.00 x 10(-7)-8.00 x 10(-6) mol/L NG. The developed electrochemical system was successfully tested on real samples and proved to be a cost-effective tool for the simple estimation of the TCP with intermediate AOP in citrus fruits.

Abstract

Hesperidin (HESP) is a plant bioflavonoid found in various nutritional and medicinal products. Many of its multiple health benefits rely on the compound's antioxidant ability, which is due to the presence of oxidizable hydroxyl groups in its structure. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of HESP at a cheap, disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) in order to develop rapid and simple voltammetric methods for its quantification. Cyclic voltammetric investigations emphasized a complex electrochemical behavior of HESP. The influence of the electrode material, solution stability, supporting electrolyte pH, and nature were examined. HESP main irreversible, diffusion-controlled oxidation signal obtained at H type PGE in Britton Robinson buffer pH 1.81 was exploited for the development of a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) quantitative analysis method. The quasi-reversible, adsorption-controlled reduction peak was used for HESP quantification by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV). The linear ranges of DPV and DPAdSV were 1.00 x 10(-7)-1.20 x 10(-5) and 5.00 x 10(-8)-1.00 x 10(-6) mol/L with detection limits of 8.58 x 10(-8) and 1.90 x 10(-8) mol/L HESP, respectively. The DPV method was applied for the assessment of dietary supplements bioflavonoid content, expressed as mg HESP.

Abstract

This work proposes a novel method for determining the composition of mixtures of natural polyphenolic compounds: caffeic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid and quercitrin in plants. The method is based on the formation of colored spots by these compounds upon reaction with nano-oxides of Al2O3, ZnO, MgO, CeO2, TiO2 and MoO3 impregnated on filter paper and constituting a colorimetric sensor array (CSA). The image of the colored spots was analyzed and the intensity of the blue colour (BCI) component has shown maximum sensitivity in relation to phenolic compounds. The inverse of BCI was linearly correlated with the logarithm of the individual phenolic compound concentrations. Chemometric analysis by partial least squares regression (PLSR) of 1/BCI values for 24 synthetic mixtures of the 5 phenolic compounds measured with the colorimetric sensor array has demonstrated good correlation between the actual and the predicted concentration of quercitrin. For the other phenolic compounds, the colors measured with the colorimetric sensor array were greatly influenced by the concentrations of the other components in the mixture. The method was applied to the determination of quercitrin in medicinal teas and the results were compared to those obtained by HPLC. The discussion of the results emphasizes possible interferences in the tea samples. While further optimization of the colorimetric sensor array-based method appears necessary, tailored to the particular targeted application in real samples, the proposed method for polyphenol determination has advantages that include simplicity, low cost, and portability.

Abstract

Abstract

This work presents the efficacy of various green extraction methods used to ensure the optimal amount of antioxidant compounds extracted from vegetal material. The new developed extraction procedures are easy-to-use and have a low implementation cost providing health-safe and high-quality extracts (products). The complete characterization of the obtained extracts was performed by a HPLC method (quantification of antioxidant compounds) and the ORAC method (efficacy assessment). These methodologies have high potential in by-products industry, where managing the residues is an important step in increasing the technological process economic efficiency and mitigation of environmental impact and, moreover, can by further extended to other types of raw materials.

Abstract

The electrochemical behaviour of the flavonoid naringenin (NGN) was investigated for the first time by cyclic voltammetry (CV), using a disposable electroactivated pencil graphite electrode (PGE*). In this electrochemical sensor, NGN is irreversibly oxidized, giving rise to two pH-dependent peaks due to mixed (diffusion- and adsorption-controlled) electrode processes involving the same number of electrons and protons, namely two and one, respectively. Exploiting these peaks, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) at PGE* in 0.05 mol L-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate were applied for quantitative determination of NGN. The new proposed methods presented linear ranges covering more than three orders of magnitude (7.86 x 10(-8) to 1.82 x 10(-4) mol L-1 NGN for DPV and 7.50 x 10(-8) to 1.00 x 10(-4) mol L-1 NGN for SWV) and low limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) (LoD = 3.06 x 10(-8) mol L-1, LoQ = 1.02 x 10(-7) mol L-1 NGN for DPV and LoD = 4.40 x 10(-8) mol L-1, LoQ = 1.11 x 10(-7) mol L-1 NGN for SWV), similar to or better than those reported in the literature. The developed voltammetric methods were applied with good results to determine the intermediate antioxidant power polyphenolics content expressed as mg naringenin equivalent per L grapefruit juice.